Biomarkers in Modern Healthcare: Types, Detection Methods, and Their Role in Transforming Patient Care

Biomarkers are measurable indicators of biological processes that play a critical role in early disease detection, prognosis, and informing treatment strategies. This literature review explores the various types of biomarkers, including molecular, physiological, radiographic, and histological, while emphasizing their clinical significance in diagnosing diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. The review also compares widely used detection techniques, such as ELISA, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, with emphasis on their strengths and limitations. Emerging technologies like the digital ELISA and LC-MS are improving sensitivity and specificity, enhancing clinical utility at lower concentrations and greater accuracy. Despite the numerous advantages, such as non-invasive sampling and cost-effectiveness, challenges remain regarding consistent specificity across all biomarkers and translating surrogate endpoints into meaningful patient outcomes. Future innovations like AI-based analysis and genetic sequencing are expected to expand biomarker discovery and application. As research progresses, biomarkers are likely to become increasingly integrated into healthcare, offering powerful tools for improving diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes.